New European Union packaging rules have entered into force, introducing tighter controls on PFAS in food-contact packaging and setting a roadmap to reduce packaging waste across the bloc.
The new regulation replaces packaging rules dating back to the 1990s and responds to a sharp increase in packaging waste, which has risen by more than 20% over the past decade. The growth has been driven in part by e-commerce and changing consumption patterns, including the increasing popularity of takeaway and on-the-go products.
Packaging accounts for around 40% of plastic consumption in Europe. The EU generates approximately 180 kg of packaging waste per person each year, of which 35.3 kg was fossil-fuel-derived plastic waste in 2023. Only around 42% of this plastic packaging waste was recycled, according to Eurostat.
PFAS restrictions take effect
One of the first measures under the new rules targets per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly known as ‘forever chemicals’. Maximum limits for PFAS in food-contact packaging are being introduced, alongside requirements for manufacturers to provide information enabling packaging to be traced back to its source.
PFAS have traditionally been used in applications such as takeaway containers, bakery papers and pizza boxes because of their water- and grease-resistant properties. However, their persistence in the environment and potential risks to human health have increased pressure on packaging manufacturers to find safer alternatives.
The regulation is therefore expected to accelerate the development and adoption of PFAS-free barrier coatings and other functional alternatives for food-contact applications.
2030 brings tougher waste targets
While some provisions take effect immediately, several of the regulation’s most significant requirements will come into force progressively. From 2028, an EU-wide labelling system for waste sorting is expected to improve consistency and help consumers correctly separate packaging.
The EU has set a target to reduce packaging waste by 5% by 2030 and 15% by 2040, compared with 2018 levels. The regulation also introduces measures covering packaging recyclability, reuse and waste prevention.
Packaging will need to be recyclable in an economically viable way, while reuse targets will be introduced for selected formats. The rules also provide for restrictions on certain single-use packaging formats, limits on unnecessary empty space in packaging, and mandatory deposit-return systems for cans and plastic bottles.
The EU is also tightening controls on packaging waste exports. A separate regulation on plastic waste exports that came into effect in May aims to ensure that waste shipped outside the EU is handled in an environmentally sound manner, addressing concerns over the dumping or inadequate treatment of exported plastic waste.
Industry faces transition
For packaging manufacturers, converters and brand owners, the new framework is likely to increase the focus on material selection, design for recycling, traceability and compliance documentation.
The European Commission has indicated that enforcement will initially focus on helping businesses adapt. Non-compliant products are not expected to be immediately withdrawn in every case, with member states encouraged to issue warnings and allow companies time to address shortcomings.
Later this year, the Commission is also expected to launch a consultation on harmonised packaging labels to make waste sorting easier and more consistent across the EU.
The regulation marks a significant shift in Europe’s packaging policy – from managing packaging waste after use to influencing how packaging is designed, manufactured and placed on the market in the first place.